GLI Spirometry Normal Values

These Global Lungs Quanjer GLI-2012 regressions, based on NHANES, are produced using an extension of the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method, widely used to construct growth reference charts..

The method calculates the lower limit of normal for spirometry values as the 5th percentile of the distribution of the standard deviation score (or Z-score). LMS-derived Z-scores account for normal age-related changes in pulmonary function, including variability and skewness in reference data. The advantage of this is smoothing, partly for cosmetic reasons but also because changes of anthropometric variables over age are expected to be continuous. The modelling technique published by Stanojevic in 2008 was recognized by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) via “Task Force” status in 2010. The tables below are for mean normal value (Predicted) and the Lower Limit of Normality (LLN).

Demographic Values

Enter subject information

Sex at birth:

Male

Female

Height (centimetres)

Date Of Birth:

Ethnicity *

Group	Country / region
Caucasian	Europe, Israel, Australia, USA, Canada, Mexican Americans, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Algeria, Tunisia
Black	African American
South East Asian	Thailand, Taiwan and China (including Hong Kong) south of the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains
North East Asian	Korea and China north of the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains
Other or Mixed	Individuals/groups other than the four groups listed and individuals of mixed ethnic origin

Measured values

Enter subject spirometry values for comparison against predicted values

PRE Bronchodilator

FEV1

FVC

POST Bronchodilator

FEV1

FVC

Spirometry - pre-BD

	FEV1 (litres)	FVC (litres)	FEV1/FVC (ratio)
Measured
Predicted
% Predicted
Z-Score
LLN
ULN

Spirometry - post-BD

	FEV1 (litres)	FVC (litres)	FEV1/FVC (ratio)
Measured
% Predicted
Z-Score
BDR % Change

*The Global Lung Initiative 2012 (GLI2012) provides robust and representative reference equations for lung function in four ethnic groups; however, the GLI2012 is limited in data from African populations, and "Black" equations in GLI2012 were solely derived using data from African Americans. For populations lacking reference range equations and for individuals of mixed ethnic origin, the GLI2012 taskforce provided a composite "Other" equation.

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