Biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, pro-resolving lipid mediators, triglycerides, growth factors and tissue injury in electronic cigarette users: Implications for non-invasive assessment of

This study evaluated whether markers from biological samples (eg plasma, urine, saliva) could provide information regarding the toxicity of vaping in e-cigarette users. As part of the study, pulmonary function testing was undertaken using a Vitalograph Micro spirometer.