Local and systemic effects in e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers, dual users, and non-smokers

This study, conducted in 82 participants, compared local and systemic responses in e-cigarette users versus cigarette smokers, dual e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers, and non-smokers. Study measurements included lung function (FEV1, VC), which was measured using a Vitalograph wedge bellows spirometer. FeNO was measured using the NIOX VERO device.