Female smokers are at greater risk of airflow obstruction than male smokers. UK Biobank

This study examined sex differences in the risk of airflow obstruction in relation to smoking history in participants enrolled in the UK Biobank; outcomes were assessed in 149,075 women and 100,252 men who had provided spirometry measurements and information on smoking. Pre-bronchodilator spirometry was performed by nurses or healthcare technicians using a Vitalograph Pneumotrac spirometer.