Fortified whey beverage for improving muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A single-blind, randomized clinical trial

This single-blind, randomized trial investigated the efficacy of daily consumption of fortified whey on inflammation, muscle mass, functionality, and QoL in 44 patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. The primary endpoint was change in inflammatory biomarkers (including IL-6 and TNFα); secondary endpoints were change in malnutrition status, anthropometric variables, fat-free mass, muscle strength, and health-related QoL. Post-bronchodilator lung function parameters (FEV1, FVC, static lung volume) were determined using a Vitalograph Pneumotrac spirometer.